Translator’s Note: This was brought before the whole ruckus got started, while we still were having our own debate about freedom of speech. I’ll later try to get some of the responses to this online. This piece is rather central to the whole affair - the PM wasn’t out to ‘get’ anyone, he was trying to have a real debate about the values we hold dear. This is a point that is missed by many from the opposing side who comment on this affair.
Jyllands-Posten, October 30, 2005
Fogh: Freedom of speech is above religion
By Anne Mette Svane and Jette Elbæk Maressa
Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen (Liberals) warns against limiting freedom of speech in response to the heated debate surrounding the satirical cartoons depicting the prophet Muhammed.
It is necessary to provoke and challenge freedom of speech. If we don’t, our society will fossilise.
Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen is a proponent of using the full range of freedom of speech - even where it hurts, provokes and offends.
"One of the reasons our society has experienced so enormous progress not just in this century but for centuries, is that people have had the courage to provoke. Some were even called heretics and some even paid with their lives. But it has proven to be liberating that some had the courage to maintain that the Earth is not flat but round. Basically, what this is about, is that enlightened and free societies achieve more than unenlightened and unfree societies, precisely because some dare provoke and criticise authorities, be they political or religious," Anders Fogh Rasmussen says.
Above Religion
To the Prime Minister it is fundamental to a free democracy that freedom of speech and freedom of the press are above religion.
"I will never accept that respect for people’s religious beliefs should lead to limiting the freedom of press when they criticise, poke jokes at someone or engage in satire."
A month ago, Jyllands-Posten published 12 cartoons depicting the prophet Muhammed. The debate in Denmark exploded and spread like a wildfire and became a matter of international interest. During the past week Anders Fogh Rasmussen was implicated when he received a letter of protest from 11 Moslem ambassadors asking the Prime Minister to interfere with the press.
"To be frank, this is due to some countries having a basic lack of understanding of what a democracy is. Had that understanding been present, they would have understood that the media of a true democracy are allowed complete freedom to speak their mind, penalty of law being their only obstacle."
Freedom of the press
The Prime Minister shrugs at the actions of the representative of the Palestinian Authority in Denmark, Maie F.B. Sarraf who, in this Friday’s edition of Jyllands-Posten voiced her view that the satirical cartoons are seen as an attack on Islam and Moslems and that Denmark is seen as a prejudicious and discriminative country.
"This to my mind reveals a chasm of misunderstanding in regards to the principles of a true democracy and it shows a complete lack of understanding of the fact that a government in a free democracy neither can, should nor may interfere in the freedom of the press. Freedom of the press means that Jyllands-Posten and/or any other paper may print articles and cartoons (be they satirical or not)challenging both political and religious authorities. It also means that a government is not responsible for the actions of its press," stresses Anders Fogh Rasmussen, who refused to see the ambassadors.
Sore spot
It doesn’t surprise the Prime Minister that the cartoons have caused such turmoil:
"The sharp reactions and the very emotional debate is caused by the cartoons touching on a very sore spot in the debate over freedom of speech. Islam is the object of strife at the moment but truth be told, there has always been a dilemma as to where to draw the line when it comes to religion. In the past the debate of where to draw the line has been fought with Christianity and it is always a subject that causes heated emotions. This time it has been emphasized by the heated Moslem reaction."
How do you see the relationship between terrorism and freedom of speech in the current debate?
"I think that the greatest risk at the moment is that many ask themselves if what Jyllands-Posten is doing is wise and whether it will lead to Denmark being a more obvious terror target. If that fear is allowed to paralyze our freedom of speech, it will paralyze our democracy, and then the extremists have achieved their goal - to limit our freedom of speech and for us to change our way of life, to make us so fearful that we restrain ourselves and no longer dare live the way we want to and live up to the principles on which we wish to base our society."
Does that mean that those in the Danish debate who argue for limiting the freedom of the speech are doing the terrorists’ bidding?
"No, there are many reasons for people to hold those views. But I must stress that the objective of the terrorists is to make us cower and abandon our principles. No matter their motive, if someone proposes limiting our freedom of speech, I shall be their opponent," Anders Fogh Rasmussen says, directing his remarks at Eva Smith and Bishop Karsten Nissen, both of whom think that limits should be imposed on how offensive one may be.
"One is standing on sloping ground to say such things, because what people find respectful is a very individual thing. It’s difficult to make a clear cut rule in law for what is and what is not respectful and democracy is cheapened if freedom of speech is curtailed. When a Danish Bishop asks the press to only be constructive it is an example that not only Moslems are confused about what freedom of the press is all about," he says.
The Democracy of Dialogue
Many Moslems felt offended and hurt over the cartoons. Some reacted by writing letters to the editor and more than 3000 demonstrated against Jyllands-Posten on Rådhuspladsen in Copenhagen. Others have chosen less peaceful methods, threatening both the paper and its employees. Two of the cartoonists have been adviced by the Security Service to lay low for a while. The Prime Minister thinks the cartoons are lawful. Therefore one must learn to internalise such things if one is offended because that’s the way life is in a democracy:
"The newspapers in Denmark write many things that offend. Not all is to my liking when I open the newspaper every day."
He urges the angry and offended Moslems to use other means if they want to express themselves to Jyllands-Posten:
"The Danish tradition is for a meeting to be called where people sit and talk about the issues. Some times people can’t agree, even at the end of the meeting and some times better understanding of the other party’s reasons is the result. That is the Danish model, what we call the Democracy of Dialogue."
Debate furthers Dialogue
A little less than a year ago Anders Fogh Rasmussen celebrated freedom of speech from the rostrum of the Liberal party conference following the attack on or threatening of a number of people who had used their freedom of speech for concrete or artistic purposes. The most extreme case was the murder of Theo van Gogh.
My question is whether it is wise to repeat provocative points of view in the public debate in order to challenge the boundaries of, and to create greater understanding with those who take recourse in violent action or if that leads to a radicalisation of opinion?
"It is clear that the debate about the cartoons will have two effects. Some will call it a confrontation because Moslems feel hurt and offended. The other effect is that we get a debate and that tends to further dialogue. It may be that the starting point is that people are yelling at each other but yet it is a debate. And we shouldn’t forget that quite a few Moslems have expressed the view that addressing these matters has been a good thing."
The Prime Minister strongly warns of self-censorship because it limits the bounds of free speech. An example of this, says Fogh Rasmussen, is if some fear to inquire critically because it might further a radicalisation of Moslems in society, leading them to conclude that those question ought better not to be asked.
"I think it raises a lot of questions that an author wanted to publish a book but nobody wanted to draw the pictures for him. We might say that some people have achieved their goal there - call them terrorists if you like - when we have reached the point where people won’t put their name on their speech or drawings because they fear the consequenses."
Motive irrelevant
Your fellow Liberal Uffe Ellemann Jensen has criticised that the paper published the cartoons, saying their only purpose was to provoke - he called it a juvenile demonstration of free speech. Agree or disagree?
"To me the motive of Jyllands-Posten is irrelevant in this debate because the press has the freedom to publish whatever it likes. I won’t take a position on what their motive was, because then I would be derailing the debate by accepting the premise that freedom of speech has limits. No matter the motive, Jyllands-Posten has started an essential debate about freedom of speech by publishing these cartoons."
To Anders Fogh Rasmussen there is a linear connection in the debate about freedom of speech - from Danish public schools to international politics - from promoting understanding of what it means to live in a democracy to furthering democratic reforms in the Middle East.
"It starts with the elementary schools but it is a global task we have at hand."